Rules of Interpretation-Index

Basic Principles

1.Meaning Of Construction

2.Intention of legislature       Legislative Intent: Touchstone

3.Statute Must be read to make it workable  2

4. Considering Act as a whole   2    
5.If Meaning is Plain , effect should be given irrespective of Consequences .....      
6. Appraisal of Plain Meaning 
 Guiding Rules for Construction

1.Read the Statute as a whole without any change in language   2   3   4   5  6
1.1 Provisions of Statute : Not to read in Isolation

2.Courts not to Amend the statute by adding or deleting words  2

3.No word in Statute is superfluos

4.Doctrine of Casus Omissus ;Professor Cote
5.Courts :Not to Supply Casus Omissus
Deviation from Above Rules

1.When Courts Can Deviate from Rule against Casus Omissus

2.Additions of words when permissible

Rejection of words when permissible

Literal Rule of Construction
1.The  Literal Rule of Construction 
2. Words have Core and Ordinary Meaning:Rule of   Interpretation:US Courts                              
 3 Ordinary Meaning :Reference to Dictionary: US 
4. Courts Approach.. Rule of Construction: Ordniary Natural meaning in context:US Court Approach  
4A Context  as a whole: Meaning             
5.Plain, Obvious and Rational Meaning: To be preferred-USCourts                                          
6.Common Meaning: What is               
7. Construction where Most Natural and Ordinary Meaning cannot be given                       
8.  When some Violence with Language :Permissible    
9.When to Depart from Literal/Plain Meaning Rule 
10.Deviation from Literal Rule   Canadian Citation 
11.Literal Rule of Construction: Criticism  
12. Literal Rule and Other Approaches:Explained by courts        13.Two key Assumptions in Interpretation           

14.Drafting Errors

15. Meaning of Context as a whole
16.Deference to Agency Interpretation
17.Deference: When Reduced or Not permitted
18. Deference :Court the Final Authority to interpret

Ambiguity

2.Removal of Ambiguity :Purpose of Interpretation

04 Ambiguity: Maxewell Coinage of Term
05.Resolving ambiguity: Referring to Earlier Judicial Pronouncements

Context

2.00 Context as a whole
02.1 Words must be Read in Context Of The statute  

2.2 Words Must Be read in Context: Maxwell

03.3 Courts :When some Violence Permissible

03.4 Words not to be given Strained construction

0.5.2 Rule of Fundamental Right's based Approach

0.5.3 Finding Meaning of words: Imperfections of Methods and Approaches

1.4 Purposive approach and its adoption by Courts

5. Construction Based on Consistency with Constitution
6. Rules of construction Summed up by Cote

Special Rules Punctuation and Grammar

01.'May' and 'Shall': Usage

02. Same word Same Meaning

Fundamental Principles 0....Proportionality Test.........2......3 .................

01. Courts not to usurp Legislative powers
02.Stare Decisis-Doctrine

Mischief Rule-II

-Heydon's Principle 

Within the context of law, the mischief rule^[1] is a rule of statutory interpretation that attempts to determine the legislator's intention. Originating from a 16th century case in the United Kingdom, its main aim is to determine the "mischief and defect" that the statute in question has set out to remedy, and what ruling would effectively implement this remedy.

Meaning

The Mischief Rule is a certain rule that judges can apply in statutory interpretation in order to discover Parliament's intention. It essentially asks the question: By creating an Act of Parliament what was the "mischief" that the previous law did not cover?

This was set out in Heydon's Case [1584] 3 CO REP 7a.^[2] where it was stated that there were four points to be taken into consideration when interpreting a statute:

What was the common law before the making of the act?

What was the "mischief and defect" for which the common law did not provide?

What was the remedy the parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the commonwealth?

What is the true reason of the remedy?

The application of this rule gives the judge more discretion than the literal and the golden rule as it allows him to effectively decide on Parliament's intent. It can be argued that this undermines Parliament's supremacy and is undemocratic as it takes law-making decisions away from the legislature.

Uses
The rule was illustrated in the case of Smith v Hughes [1960] 2 All E.R. 859, where under the Street Offences Act 1959, it was a crime for prostitutes to "loiter or solicit in the street for the purposes of prostitution". The defendants were calling to men in the street from balconies and tapping on windows. They claimed they were not guilty as they were not in the "street." The judge applied the mischief rule to come to the conclusion that they were guilty as the intention of the Act was to cover the mischief of harassment from prostitutes.

This rule of construction is of narrower application than the golden rule or the plain 
meaning rule, in that it can only be used to interpret a statute and, strictly speaking, only when the statute was passed to remedy a defect in the common law.

Legislative intent is determined by examining secondary sources, such as committee reports, treatises, law review articles and corresponding statutes.

This rule has often been used to resolve ambiguities in cases in which the literal rule cannot be applied. In Smith v Hughes the mischief approach gave a more sensible outcome than that of the literal approach. 
Advantages

The Law Commission sees it as a far more satisfactory way of interpreting acts 
as opposed to the Golden or Literal rules.

It usually avoids unjust or absurd results in sentencing
Disadvantages

It is seen to be out of date as it has been in use since the 16th century, when common law was the primary source of law and parliamentary supremacy was not established.

It gives too much power to the unelected judiciary which is argued to be undemocratic.

In the 16th century, the judiciary would often draft acts on behalf of the king and were therefore well qualified in what mischief the act was meant to remedy. This is not often the case in modern legal systems.

The rule can make the law uncertain, susceptible to the slippery slope.
It would be interesting to quote the observations of Professor Cote on the difference of approach between the literal and Mischief Rules.

"The interpreter should it fill the gaps that may have a statute, that is to say, he must supply the omission to provide for certain situations, some cases that the subject of a text logic control for securing? 

It is not surprising to note that it is not possible to draw from the jurisprudence general and categorical answer to this question. In the same way that there is no consensus, jurisprudence, the relative importance of the text and purpose, there is, as to fill gaps, two schools of thought, one

that would help to fill gaps. This situation also reflects perfectly the tension between the two main objectives of legal interpretation: the search for legislative history and thought of seeking a reasonable solution to a practical problem. "[  Interpretation of laws, Pierre-André Côté, 3th edition 1999, p. 506